[Physical inactivity in young people during home confinement due to COVID-19]. / Inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19.

Background: Physical inactivity is a highly prevalent condition in the world and has been associated with increased susceptibility to develop comorbidities and present with severe respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Objective: To identify the factors present in the family environment and the personal reasons associated with physical inactivity in young people during confinement at home due to COVID-19. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,326 young people, ages 15 - 18. To collect information, a questionnaire was constructed using the Google Forms tool and distributed through the WhatsApp application and email to collect the information. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity was 43.4%. Approximately 24.4% were overweight, and 8.8% were obese. Near 43.0% of young people reported living in an environment with a dysfunctional family. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that suffering from obesity, does not have space at home, or devices to exercise and present a change in emotions, are related to the physical inactivity of young people during confinement at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: It is important to promote a harmonious environment within the family and the personal development of a healthy lifestyle, during the period of application of the contingency plan due to the presence of a pandemic, in order to maintain a better healthy physical and mental state.

Introducción: la inactividad física es una condición altamente prevalente en el mundo y ha sido asociada con una mayor susceptibilidad para desarrollar comorbilidades y presentar síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19. Objetivo: identificar los factores presentes en el entorno familiar y los motivos personales asociados a la inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19. Material y métodos: mediante un estudio transversal se analizaron los datos de 1326 jóvenes de 15 a 18 años. Para la recogida de la información se construyó un cuestionario mediante la herramienta de Google Forms y se distribuyó a través de la aplicación de WhatsApp y por correo electrónico. Resultados: la prevalencia de inactividad física fue del 43.4%. Aproximadamente, el 24.4% sufría de sobrepeso y el 8.8% de obesidad. El 42.8% de los jóvenes declaró vivir en el ambiente de una familia disfuncional. El análisis de regresión logística multivariado mostró que tener obesidad, no contar con espacio en casa, ni aparatos para realizar ejercicio y presentar un cambio en las emociones, se relaciona con la inactividad física de los jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa. Conclusión: es importante promover un ambiente armónico en el seno familiar, así como el desarrollo personal de un estilo de vida saludable durante el periodo de aplicación del plan de contingencia debido a la presencia de una pandemia, con la finalidad de mantener un mejor estado físico y mental saludable.

Variables that predict informal caregiver overload

OBJECTIVE: to identify predictive variables of caregiver overload in the southern area of Tamaulipas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the intentional sample was of 215 informal caregivers and/or relatives of people with chronic diseases, users of two General Hospitals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study design was transversal and explanatory. RESULTS: more than half of the sample presented problems of overload (53%) and family dysfunction (51.6%). Also, it was detected that just over half is perceived with medium and low level of caregiving competencies (45.6%) and in some category of depression (39.1%). In the regression model, four predictors of overload were identified: depression, caregiving competencies, dependence on the caregiver and time spent on caregiving. The adjusted R2 = .33, indicates that these 4 variables explain one third of the variance of overload. In addition, the family functionality and age variables were not significant for the model. CONCLUSIONS: the profile of informal caregivers in this study sample coincides with that reported in the international literature and that the model of predictors of caregiving overload allowed the identification of some variables that influence caregiver overload.

Multi-Validity Process and Factor-Invariance. Perceived Self-Efficacy-Scale for the Prevention of Obesity in Preteens.

Given the lack of scales with a robust psychometric assessment of self-efficacy related to obesity in early adolescence, we aimed to obtain an instrument with high-quality validity and reliability items. Nonrandom samples (N = 2371) classified boys (1174, M = 12.83, SD = 0.84) and girls (1197, M = 12.68, SD = 0.78) from Mexico City and some cities of the Mexican Republic with obesity rates near to the national level mean. A multi-validity process and structural invariance analysis using the Perceived Self-efficacy Scale for Obesity Prevention were performed. A two-factor-physical activity and healthy eating-model with high effect-sized values-girls R2 (0.88, p < 0.01) and boys R2 (0.87, p < 0.01)-were obtained. Each factor explained more than half of the variance with high-reliability coefficients in each group and acceptable adjustment rates. The self-efficacy scale proved to have only girls, an invariant factor structure, or a psychometric equivalence between the groups. The obtained scale showed that a two-factor structure is feasible and appropriate, according to the highest quality of validity and reliability.

Depresión materna como mediadora en el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil: una revisión integrativa / Maternal depression as a mediator in the development of childhood overweight and obesity: an integrative review

Introducción: la depresión materna interfiere en la crianza y la alimentación de los hijos a través de conductas de alimentación infantil. Objetivo: examinar cómo la depresión materna predispone al desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil. Metodología: revisión integrativa empleando la metodología de Whittemore y Knafl, y la declaración PRISMA, en PubMed y CONRICyT, utilizando los descriptores "depression", "depressive symptoms","mothers" y "childhood obesity", e incluyendo artículos con metodología cuantitativa publicados entre 2013 y 2020 cuyos indicadores fueran peso y conductas en la población infantil. Resultados: en 22 artículos se identificaron vías conductuales, como conductas maternas de alimentación, estilos de alimentación, prácticas de alimentación infantil, inseguridad alimentaria y recurrencia de la depresión. Conclusión: seis vías conductuales poco aptas para la alimentación y el desarrollo se identificaron como mediadoras entre la depresión y el aumento de peso infantil.

Introduction: Maternal depression interferes with raising and feeding children through infant feeding behaviors. Objective: To examine how maternal depression predisposes to the development of childhood overweight and obesity. Methods: An integrative review with the Whittemore & Knafl methodology and the PRISMA background in PubMed and CONRICyT, using descriptors "depression","depressive symptomatology","mothers" and "childhood obesity". Articles with a quantitative methodology, from 2013 to 2020, with analysis of weight or behavior indicators in the child population were included. Results: In 22 articles, behavioral pathways were identified, such as: maternal eating behaviors, feeding styles, feeding practices, food insecurity and recurrence of depression. Conclusions: Six behavioral pathways unsuitable for eating and development were identified as mediators between depression and infant weight gain.

Dependencia percibida y síntomas depresivos en cuidadores primarios informales de personas con enfermedades no transmisibles / Perceived dependence and depression symptoms in primary informal caregivers of people with non-communicable diseases

Resumen Existen diversas problemáticas que afectan la salud y el desempeño de un cuidador. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la relación entre síntomas de depresión de los cuidadores primarios informales y la dependencia que perciben en la persona cuidada. El diseño del estudio fue no experimental, transversal y correlacional. La muestra fue no probabilística, intencional, de 259 cuidadores informales. Se utilizó el Cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente, Escala de Depresión (PHQ-8) y la Escala de Barthel, empleada para medir la capacidad de la persona para realizar 10 actividades básicas de la vida diaria. La edad promedio de los cuidadores de este estudio fue de 49.6 años, con predominio del sexo femenino, con 82.6 %; en el parentesco del cuidador, en su mayoría fueron hijas (38.2 %). El porcentaje de dependencia percibida por los cuidadores se ubicó en la categoría de dependencia moderada, con el 32.4 %. Los resultados muestran una correlación pequeña pero significativa (r = - 0.159, P = 0.010) entre dependencia y síntomas de depresión. El grupo de cuidadores de personas con dependencia severa presentó mayor sintomatología depresiva que sus pares cuidadores de personas con dependencia moderada (P = 0.014). Los cuida dores primarios informales reportaron mayor sintomatología depresiva cuando percibieron más dependencia en sus familiares con enfermedades crónicas.

Abstract There are various problems that affect a caregiver's health and performance. Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify the relationship between depression symptoms of the informal primary caregivers and the dependency that they perceive in the person who is being taken care of. The study design was non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational. The sample was intentional non-probabilistic of 259 informal caregivers. Three data-collection instruments were used: the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Depression Scale (PHQ-8), and the Barthel Scale, which is used for measuring the capacity of a person to carry out 10 basic everyday activities. The average age of the caregivers in this study was 49.6 years, with a predominance of the female sex (82.6 %), and most of the patients' caregivers were their daughters (38.2 %). The caregivers' perceived percentage of dependence was placed in the moderate dependence category, with 32.4 %. Results show a small but significant correlation (r = - 0.159, P = 0.010) between dependence and symptoms of depression. The group of caregivers of people with severe dependence showed greater depressive symptoms than their caregiver peers of people with moderate dependence (P = 0.014). Informal primary caregivers reported greater depressive symptoms when they perceived more dependence in their relatives with chronic illnesses.

Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas / The Relationship between Overload and Caregiving Competencies in Informal Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases / Relação entre sobrecarga e competências do cuidar em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas

Introducción. El desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y sus posibles complicaciones conllevan la necesidad de recibir cuidados de alguna persona del entorno social o familiar, quien se convierte en cuidador informal. Al desempeñar su rol, esta persona puede experimentar situaciones o características propias del cuidador que repercuten en las competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga, aspectos que podrían afectar la díada cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. Metodología. Estudio transversal-correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas, usuarios de dos hospitales generales de Tamaulipas, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional. Se aplicó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, instrumento Zarit y CUIDAR. Para el análisis, se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados. Los cuidadores fueron mayormente mujeres, con parentesco de hija y esposa. Se detectó una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre la sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar. Discusión. El perfil de los cuidadores de este estudio concuerda con la literatura internacional. La correlación entre las variables de investigación se ha documentado en escasos estudios, por lo que representa un avance de conocimiento en el ámbito de los cuidadores. Conclusión. Se evidenció una correlación que se puede interpretar de la siguiente manera: "a mayor sobrecarga, menor competencias del cuidar". Hallazgo que evidencia necesidades en conocimientos y habilidades para ejercer de forma óptima el rol de cuidador y por ende, tener la capacidad de afrontar situaciones de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introduction: When people develop chronic diseases and their possible complications, it leads to the need to receive care from someone in social or family contexts. This person becomes an informal caregiver. By playing this role, this person can experience situations or characteristics inherent to caregivers, which impact caregiving competencies and overload. These aspects could affect the caregiver-care receiver dyad. Objective. To identify the relationship between caregiving competencies and overload in informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases. Methods. A transversal, correlational study, n= 259, on informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases, users of two general hospitals in Tamaulipas, selected through intentional non-probability sampling. A sociodemographic data form and the Zarit and CUIDAR instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the analysis. Results. Caregivers were mostly women, with kinship as daughters or wives. A negative, statistically significant correlation was detected (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) between overload and caregiving competencies. Discussion. Caregivers' profiles in this study concur with international literature. The correlation between research variables has been documented in very few studies, reason why it represents progress in knowledge in the field of caregiving. Conclusion. A correlation that can be interpreted as follows was observed: "more overload implies less caregiving competencies." This finding demonstrates the need for knowledge and skills to optimally provide care and, therefore, have the capacity to face overload situations. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introdução. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e suas possíveis complicações acarretam a necessidade de receber cuidados de alguém no ambiente social ou familiar, que se torna cuidador informal. Ao desempenhar seu papel, essa pessoa pode experimentar situações ou características próprias dos cuidadores que tange às competências para cuidar e sobrecarga, aspectos que podem afetar a díade cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre as competências do cuidar e a sobrecarga em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas. Métodos. Estudo transversal correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas, usuários de dois hospitais gerais de Tamaulipas, selecionados por amostragem intencional não probabilística. Foram aplicados informações sociodemográficas, escala Zarit e CUIDAR. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados. Os cuidadores eram em sua maioria mulheres, com o relacionamento de filha e esposa. Foi detectada correlação negativa e estatisticamente significante (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre a sobrecarga e as competências do cuidar. Discussão. O perfil dos cuidadores deste estudo concorda com a literatura internacional. A correlação entre as variáveis de pesquisa foi documentada em poucos estudos e, portanto, representa um avanço no conhecimento na área de cuidadores. Conclusão. Evidenciou-se uma correlação que pode ser interpretada da seguinte forma: "quanto maior a sobrecarga, menor a competência do cuidar". Achado que evidencia a necessidade de conhecimentos e habilidades para exercer de maneira ideal o papel de cuidador e, por tanto, ter a capacidade de enfrentar situações de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

The Relationship between Overload and Caregiving Competencies in Informal Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases / Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas / Relação entre sobrecarga e competências do cuidar em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas

Introduction: When people develop chronic diseases and their possible complications, it leads to the need to receive care from someone in social or family contexts. This person becomes an informal caregiver. By playing this role, this person can experience situations or characteristics inherent to caregivers, which impact caregiving competencies and overload. These aspects could affect the caregiver-care receiver dyad. Objective. To identify the relationship between caregiving competencies and overload in informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases. Methods. A transversal, correlational study, n= 259, on informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases, users of two general hospitals in Tamaulipas, selected through intentional non-probability sampling. A sociodemographic data form and the Zarit and CUIDAR instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the analysis. Results. Caregivers were mostly women, with kinship as daughters or wives. A negative, statistically significant correlation was detected (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) between overload and caregiving competencies. Discussion. Caregivers' profiles in this study concur with international literature. The correlation between research variables has been documented in very few studies, reason why it represents progress in knowledge in the field of caregiving. Conclusion. A correlation that can be interpreted as follows was observed: "more overload implies less caregiving competencies." This finding demonstrates the need for knowledge and skills to optimally provide care and, therefore, have the capacity to face overload situations. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introducción. El desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y sus posibles complicaciones conllevan la necesidad de recibir cuidados de alguna persona del entorno social o familiar, quien se convierte en cuidador informal. Al desempeñar su rol, esta persona puede experimentar situaciones o características propias del cuidador que repercuten en las competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga, aspectos que podrían afectar la díada cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre competencias del cuidar y sobrecarga en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. Metodología. Estudio transversal-correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas, usuarios de dos hospitales generales de Tamaulipas, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional. Se aplicó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, instrumento Zarit y CUIDAR. Para el análisis, se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados. Los cuidadores fueron mayormente mujeres, con parentesco de hija y esposa. Se detectó una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre la sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar. Discusión. El perfil de los cuidadores de este estudio concuerda con la literatura internacional. La correlación entre las variables de investigación se ha documentado en escasos estudios, por lo que representa un avance de conocimiento en el ámbito de los cuidadores. Conclusión. Se evidenció una correlación que se puede interpretar de la siguiente manera: "a mayor sobrecarga, menor competencias del cuidar". Hallazgo que evidencia necesidades en conocimientos y habilidades para ejercer de forma óptima el rol de cuidador y por ende, tener la capacidad de afrontar situaciones de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Introdução. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e suas possíveis complicações acarretam a necessidade de receber cuidados de alguém no ambiente social ou familiar, que se torna cuidador informal. Ao desempenhar seu papel, essa pessoa pode experimentar situações ou características próprias dos cuidadores que tange às competências para cuidar e sobrecarga, aspectos que podem afetar a díade cuidador-cuidado. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre as competências do cuidar e a sobrecarga em cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas. Métodos. Estudo transversal correlacional, n= 259 cuidadores informais de pessoas com doenças crônicas, usuários de dois hospitais gerais de Tamaulipas, selecionados por amostragem intencional não probabilística. Foram aplicados informações sociodemográficas, escala Zarit e CUIDAR. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados. Os cuidadores eram em sua maioria mulheres, com o relacionamento de filha e esposa. Foi detectada correlação negativa e estatisticamente significante (rs= -.160, p= 0.01) entre a sobrecarga e as competências do cuidar. Discussão. O perfil dos cuidadores deste estudo concorda com a literatura internacional. A correlação entre as variáveis de pesquisa foi documentada em poucos estudos e, portanto, representa um avanço no conhecimento na área de cuidadores. Conclusão. Evidenciou-se uma correlação que pode ser interpretada da seguinte forma: "quanto maior a sobrecarga, menor a competência do cuidar". Achado que evidencia a necessidade de conhecimentos e habilidades para exercer de maneira ideal o papel de cuidador e, por tanto, ter a capacidade de enfrentar situações de sobrecarga. Cómo citar. Del Ángel-García JE, León-Hernández RC, Méndez-Santos G, Peñarrieta-De Córdova I, Flores-Barrios F. Relación entre sobrecarga y competencias del cuidar en cuidadores informales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 233-241. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3878

Relación entre el índice de masa corporal, la actividad física y los tiempos de comida en adolescentes mexicanos / Relationship between body mass index, physical activity and meal times in Mexican adolescents

Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio son: 1) describir la distribución del IMC, los niveles de actividad física y la frecuencia de los tiempos de comida, y 2) examinar la relación de estas variables con el IMC en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de preparatoria. Métodos: participaron 1.028 adolescentes (58,9% mujeres y 41,1% hombres) de 15 a 19 años de edad (M= 16,12; DE= 0,9). Se calculó el IMC y se utilizó la referencia del CDC-2000. Los tiempos de comida se midieron con uno de los factores del cuestionario Factores de Riesgo Asociados a Trastornos Alimentarios para Púberes (FRATAP). La actividad física se evaluó mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) en su versión corta. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson para ver la relación entre las variables. Resultados: la prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad alcanzó el 29,2% para mujeres y el 29,3% en hombres. En el factor tiempos de comida, los sujetos con desnutrición y bajo peso fueron quienes siempre obtuvieron los valores más altos en la opción de respuesta. El 31,9% del total de la muestra reportó un nivel de actividad física bajo. Los tiempos de comida mostraron asociaciones significativas con el IMC (r= -0,142, p < 0,01) y los niveles de actividad física (r= 0,125, p < 0,01). Discusión: en la muestra se identificaron problemas importantes de malnutrición, frecuencia de comidas e inactividad física. De estos hallazgos surge la necesidad de diseñar e implantar programas para promover estilos de vida saludables en adolescentes (AU)

Objectives: 1) to describe the distribution of the body mass index (BMI), physical activity levels and meal times’ frequency and; 2) to assess its relationships in a sample of high school Mexican adolescents. Methods: a total of 1028 adolescents (41.1% males and 58.9% females) aged 15-19 years (M= 16.12; SD= 0.9) were included in the final analysis. BMI was calculated using the CDC-2000 as reference. Meal times were evaluated by one factor of the RFAEDP questionnaire (Risk Factors Associated to Eating Disorders in Pubescents). Physical activity was measured trough short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Pearson’s correlations were used to determine relationship between the variables. Results: overweight and obesity prevalence together reached, 29.2% for females and 29.3% in males. In meal times’ factor, undernourished and low weight subjects achieved the highest values in the answer option always. In total sample, according to the physical activity, 31.9% reported low level. Meal times showed significant association with BMI (r= -0.142, p < 0.01) and physical activity level (r= 0.125, p < 0.01). Discussion: important problems of malnutrition, meal times’ frequency and inactivity were identified in the sample. From these findings, the need to design and implement programs with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles among adolescent arises (AU)

[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MEAL TIMES IN MEXICAN ADOLESCENTS]. / RELACIÓN ENTRE EL ÍNDICE DE MASA CORPORAL, LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y LOS TIEMPOS DE COMIDA EN ADOLESCENTES MEXICANOS.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to describe the distribution of the body mass index (BMI), physical activity levels and meal times' frequency and; 2) to assess its relationships in a sample of high school Mexican adolescents. METHODS: a total of 1028 adolescents (41.1% males and 58.9% females) aged 15-19 years (M= 16.12; SD= 0.9) were included in the final analysis. BMI was calculated using the CDC-2000 as reference. Meal times were evaluated by one factor of the RFAEDP questionnaire (Risk Factors Associated to Eating Disorders in Pubescents). Physical activity was measured trough short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Pearson's correlations were used to determine relationship between the variables. RESULTS: overweight and obesity prevalence together reached, 29.2% for females and 29.3% in males. In meal times' factor, undernourished and low weight subjects achieved the highest values in the answer option always. In total sample, according to the physical activity, 31.9% reported low level. Meal times showed significant association with BMI (r= -0.142, p < 0.01) and physical activity level (r= 0.125, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: important problems of malnutrition, meal times' frequency and inactivity were identified in the sample. From these findings, the need to design and implement programs with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles among adolescent arises.

Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio son: 1) describir la distribución del IMC, los niveles de actividad física y la frecuencia de los tiempos de comida, y 2) examinar la relación de estas variables con el IMC en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de preparatoria. Métodos: participaron 1.028 adolescentes (58,9% mujeres y 41,1% hombres) de 15 a 19 años de edad (M= 16,12; DE= 0,9). Se calculó el IMC y se utilizó la referencia del CDC-2000. Los tiempos de comida se midieron con uno de los factores del cuestionario Factores de Riesgo Asociados a Trastornos Alimentarios para Púberes (FRATAP). La actividad física se evaluó mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) en su versión corta. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson para ver la relación entre las variables. Resultados: la prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad alcanzó el 29,2% para mujeres y el 29,3% en hombres. En el factor tiempos de comida, los sujetos con desnutrición y bajo peso fueron quienes siempre obtuvieron los valores más altos en la opción de respuesta. El 31,9% del total de la muestra reportó un nivel de actividad física bajo. Los tiempos de comida mostraron asociaciones significativas con el IMC (r= -0,142, p < 0,01) y los niveles de actividad física (r= 0,125, p < 0,01). Discusión: en la muestra se identificaron problemas importantes de malnutrición, frecuencia de comidas e inactividad física. De estos hallazgos surge la necesidad de diseñar e implantar programas para promover estilos de vida saludables en adolescentes.

Antecedentes familiares y sintomatología en mujeres con Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria / Family Eating Disorders antecedent and symptomatology in women with an Eating Disorder (ED)

Los objetivos fueron: 1) detectar la presencia de antecedentes familiares de sintomatología alimentaria en una muestra de pacientes mexicanas con trastorno alimentario, y 2) de que forma influyen dichos antecedentes en la patología de este trastorno. La muestra estuvo formada por n=44 mujeres. Los resultados mostraron que el 40% reportó antecedentes de trastorno alimentario en la familia. Fue en este mismo grupo que se detectó mayor puntaje en el total del EAT-40 así como en los factores: motivación para adelgazar, evitación de alimentos engordantes, preocupación por la comida, obsesiones y compulsiones, y conductas compensatorias, al compararlo con el grupo sin antecedentes familiares de trastorno alimentario. Este hallazgo permite concluir que la magnitud de la sintomatología es mayor cuando existen antecedentes entre la familia.

The purposes of study were: 1) To detect the family eating disorders in mexican patients with eating disorders and 2) In which ways this family antecedent affects its development in this pathology. The sample was formed by n= 44 women. The results showed that 40% reported family eating disorders antecedent. It also revealed that this group has the highest EAT-40 total, and in the factors: motivation to loose weight, avoidance of fattening food, constant concern about food, obsessions and compulsions, and compensatory behaviors, compared to the group that doesn't present family eating disorder antecedent. This discovery allows concluding that the magnitude of the symptomatology is bigger whit the presence oh this antecedent.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo y habilidades sociales en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanas / Risk eating behaviors and social skills in a sample of Mexican adolescents

Research about ED (eating disorder) has shown important advances in the last decades. We have distinguished two main ways of aproaching this topic. On the one hand there are several works in the clinical field, focused in studying the symptomatology, psychiatric taxonomy and treatment of those disorders. On the other hand, there is significant research on the epidemiological field, which is more focused towards the understanding of the phenomenon. In fact, this second approach led to the development of the preventive approach in the late 90s. This approach focuses in the population at risk and this work is framed in the preventive approach. The difference between a TCA and a risk factor is that the first one forms a syndrome, a set of symptoms (quantitatively and qualitatively) grouped as diagnostic criteria identified in the DSM-IV-TR. On the other hand, risk factors are those isolated manifestations or symptoms that appear with a lesser magnitude and frequency. For example, abnormal eating behavior like following a diet to control weight or excessive concern about personal body weight. One of the most important factors that occurs before the development of an ED is following a restricted diet. Hence, the risk for people on a diet of turning into clinical cases increases eight times. Moreover, such behavior has become a normative practice, specifically in Western societies. Thus, several authors have pointed out that patients show autonomy problems previous to the disorder. Examples include interpersonal problems such as introversion, insecurity, dependency, social anxiety, lack of assertiveness, difficulty to establish relationships with the opposite gender, inefficiency feelings, failure and lack of control in the academic, working and social fields. All these are indicators of a latent discrepancy of social skills. Considering that restricted dieting represents a fundamental risk factor on the development of an ED, and under the assumption that the deficit in social skills is a predisposing factor in such disorders, the aim of this work was to determine if there is a relation between various social skills and abnormal eating behaviors (following a restricted diet or concern about weight and food) in Mexican adolescent women. We worked with a sample of N = 700 women, coming from five different public middle schools mixed with or = 12.81 years old and SD = 0.73. The data was collected through two instruments: Health and Nourishing Questionnaire, and Pluridimensional Assertive Behavior Scale, adapted to the Mexican population. Among the more relevant results we found a significant correlation between the following two variables: social skills and eating behaviors (dieting r = 0.148, p<0.01 and concern about weight and food r = 0.081, p< 0.05). Although the correlation was low, it can be interpreted as a tendency in the following way: <>. In a second analysis, in which extreme groups (high and low social skills) were compared, our results confirmed the theory about relating these two variables. The mean values indicate that in the first group (low social skills) restricted dieting was a greater problem [t (306) = -1.329, p= .002] than in the second group (high social skills). Other results showed that more than half of the participants (56%) have followed a restricted dieting in the past and 65% of them are concerned about their body weight. Additionally, a significant correlation between these two variables was found (r = 0.677, p<0.01), confirming that these behaviors have become normative among women at this age and these constitute a latent risk to the development of ED. Furthermore, it is a cause of concern that the findings of this study show that girls are involved in restricted dieting even at an early age (seven years old) and that at six years old they begin to be concerned about their body weight. These results are similar to other studies that show women starting practices that might produce eating disorders at very early stages nowadays, due to being more exposed and more vulnerable to social pressure that promotes the thinness culture. One of the most interesting contributions was the fact that among Mexican adolescent women, similarly to women in the western world (USA, France or Spain), we have found a relation between low levels in social skills and restricted dieting. This phenomenon increases the risk of suffering from an ED, and shows the effects of social pressure referring to the thinness culture in countries such as Mexico, with its still developing society. It is important to point out that, in order to make the relation clear, it is necessary to accomplish more research towards determining a causal relationship between the two variables. In this way, data can be obtained in order to build up prevention strategies in the following way: training in Social Skills (TSS) could act as a protection factor against the development of these disorders. If a deficit in social skills can predict weight control dieting, the TSS might decrease or eliminate the risk in adolescents frequently subdued to dieting and/or show risky eating behavior as a consequence of social pressure towards thinness. Among the limitations of this study we can mention that the results cannot be generalized from the particular study sample. For this purpose we propose working with probabilistic samples and with different features, as well as implementing a new analysis that could show the specific social skills in which the problem is accentuated. This would contribute to search the possible causal link between the variables <> and <>.

En las investigaciones relacionadas con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) se distinguen dos vertientes principales. Por una parte proliferan los trabajos en el ámbito clínico, éstos se enfocan en la sintomatología, en esclarecer la taxonomía psiquiátrica y en el tratamiento de dichos trastornos. Por otra parte, se constata la investigación en el ámbito epidemiológico, la cual está más enfocada en la comprensión del fenómeno. De esta segunda vertiente se deriva, a principios de la década de los noventa, el enfoque preventivo, el cual centra su interés en la población de riesgo. Es en este enfoque en el cual se enmarca el presente trabajo. La distinción entre un TCA y un factor de riesgo es que el primero conforma un síndrome, un conjunto de síntomas (cuantitativa y cualitativamente) agrupados como criterios diagnósticos señalados en el DSM-IV-TR, mientras que los factores de riesgo son aquellas manifestaciones o síntomas aislados que se presentan con menor magnitud y frecuencia. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar si existe relación entre las variables: habilidades sociales y conductas alimentarias anómalas (seguimiento de dieta restringida y preocupación por el peso y la comida) en mujeres adolescentes mexicanas. Se trabajó con una muestra de N = 700 mujeres de cinco distintas secundarias públicas mixtas con o = 12.81 de edad y DE = 0.73. Los datos se recopilaron mediante dos instrumentos: el Cuestionario de Alimentación y Salud, y la Escala Pluridimensional de Conducta Asertiva adaptada a población mexicana. Entre los resultados de mayor relevancia se encontró una correlación significativa entre las variables: habilidades sociales y conductas alimentarias anómalas (dieta r = 0.148, p< 0.01 y preocupación por el peso y la comida r = 0.081, p< 0.05). Aunque la correlación fue baja resultó ser positiva, esto se puede interpretar como una tendencia en la siguiente dirección: <>. En un segundo análisis en el cual se compararon grupos extremos (nivel alto y nivel bajo de habilidades sociales), se encontraron resultados que confirman la relación entre estas variables. El valor de las medias indica que en el grupo con nivel bajo de habilidades sociales se reportó una mayor problemática durante el seguimiento de una dieta restringida [t (306) = -1 .329, p = .002], comparado con el grupo de nivel alto de habilidades. Una de las aportaciones más interesantes fue el hecho de que entre las adolescentes mexicanas, a semejanza de mujeres que habitan en países de primer mundo como EU, Francia y España, se encontró una relación entre niveles bajos de habilidades sociales y el seguimiento de una dieta restringida. Este fenómeno incrementa el riesgo de padecer un TCA y pone de manifiesto el efecto de la presión social con referencia a la cultura de la delgadez en países como México, que es una sociedad en vías de desarrollo.